Over the past century, differences in alcohol use and related harms between males and
females in the United States have diminished considerably. In general, males still consume …

Background The objective of this review is to evaluate the literature on the association
between mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neurodevelopment …

Mendelian Randomization: Methods For Causal Inference Using Genetic Variants provides
thorough coverage of the methods and practical elements of Mendelian randomization …

Importance Children who receive a diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder may have a
characteristic facial appearance in addition to neurodevelopmental impairment. It is not well …

Aims To review the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the outcomes of the mother and
child. Design Narrative review. Setting Review of literature. Participants Mothers and infants …

Mendelian randomization (MR), the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to
test causal effects, is increasingly used in aetiological epidemiology. Few of the …

PURPOSE Although abstinence is recommended in pregnancy, many pregnancies are
exposed to alcohol. Observational studies of the effects of low to moderate prenatal alcohol …

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is one of the most prevalent and modifiable risk factors for
somatic, behavioral, and neurological abnormalities. Affected individuals exhibit a wide …

Background Systematic reviews of prenatal alcohol exposure effects generally only include
conventional observational studies. However, estimates from such studies are prone to …

Abstract Background Factorial Mendelian randomization is the use of genetic variants to
answer questions about interactions. Although the approach has been used in applied …