The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway is a conserved response to a wide
range of internal and external cellular stress signals. Beside the stress response, the JNK …

JNK is named after c-Jun N-terminal kinase, as it is responsible for phosphorylating c-Jun.
As a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, JNK is also known as …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, chronic, and progressive degenerative disease of
the central nervous system for which there is no effective treatment. Gastrodia elata is a well …

Tramadol (TRA) causes neurotoxicity whereas trimetazidine (TMZ) is neuroprotective. The
potential involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in the neuroprotection of TMZ …

The pervasiveness and mortality associated with methamphetamine abuse have doubled
during the past decade, suggesting a possible worldwide substance use crisis. Epitomizing …

Inorganic mercury is a ubiquitous toxic pollutant in the environment. Exposure to inorganic
mercury can cause various poisonous effects, including kidney injury. However, no safe and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has a high incidence during
the aging process and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. The
primary pathological features of PD include the presence of α‐synuclein aggregates and …

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCDs) are polyphenols that are abundant in cereals,
coffee, tea, wine, fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. To aid in the clinical …

We assessed the antioxidant potential of narcissoside from Sambucus nigra flowers
(elderflowers) in Parkinson's disease models in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that …