Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess
varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Brain cells continuously produce and release protons into the extracellular space, with the
rate of acid production corresponding to the levels of neuronal activity and metabolism …

Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which
do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …

The progression of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease follows a stereotyped pattern, and
recent evidence suggests a role of synaptic connections in this process. Astrocytes are well …

Optogenetics has been widely expanded to enhance or suppress neuronal activity and it
has been recently applied to glial cells. Here, we have used a new approach based on …

ATP released from the synaptic terminals and astrocytes can activate neuronal P2 receptors
at a variety of locations across the CNS. Although the postsynaptic ATP-mediated signalling …

Noradrenaline is a major neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS). It is released
from varicosities on neuronal efferents, which originate principally from the main …