Successful vaccine development for infectious diseases has largely been achieved in
settings where natural immunity to the pathogen results in clearance in at least some …

The recent failure of the T-cell-based HIV vaccine trial led by Merck & Co., Inc. prompts the
urgent need to refocus on the question of which T-cell responses are required to control HIV …

Background Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bind, and present to
T cells, short peptides derived from intracellular processing of proteins. The peptide …

Selection of T-cell vaccine antigens for chronic persistent viral infections has been largely
empirical. To define the relationship, at the population level, between the specificity of the …

HIV type 1 (HIV-1) can rapidly escape from neutralizing antibody responses. The genetic
basis of this escape in vivo is poorly understood. We compared the pattern of evolution of …

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-positive subjects are uncommon in their ability to
control infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, late viral …

Conflicting data on the role of total virus-and protein-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL)
responses in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression exist …

Although there is increasing evidence that virus-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL)
responses play an important role in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most important
infectious disease agent of pigs worldwide, causing reproductive failure in pregnant sows …

Trumpfheller C, Longhi MP, Caskey M, Idoyaga J, Bozzacco L, Keler T, Schlesinger SJ,
Steinman RM (The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; and Celldex Therapeutics …