The largest epidemic ever recorded for chikungunya, a disease caused by infection with the
chikungunya virus (CHIKV), began in Africa in 2004 and spread to> 100 countries on four …

Z-conformation nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a powerful innate immune sensor, has
been identified as the important signaling initiation factor in innate immune response and …

Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018.
Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early …

The innate immune system is the host's first line of defense against the invasion of
pathogens including flavivirus. The programmed cell death controlled by genes plays an …

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. Due to the
recent climate and environmental changes, they are spreading across Europe, becoming a …

Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of glial cells, is a hallmark in several
neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Inadequate inflammation cannot eliminate …

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE),
which has an unclear pathogenesis. Despite vaccination, thousands of deaths attributed to …

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death
in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response …

Treatment for many viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) remains only
supportive. Here we address a remaining gap in our knowledge regarding how the CNS and …

West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne, single-stranded flavivirus, has caused annual
outbreaks of viral encephalitis in the United States since 1999. The virus induces acute …