Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when
administered in adequate amounts; however, dead bacteria and their components can also …

The intestinal barrier is a structure that prevents harmful substances, such as bacteria and
endotoxins, from penetrating the intestinal wall and entering human tissues, organs, and …

This review is aimed to explore the health beneficial effects of probiotics which are live
microorganisms that provide a positive health influence on humans when taken in sufficient …

In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth,
antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still a common functional gastrointestinal disease that
presents chronic abdominal symptoms but with a pathophysiology that is not yet fully …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in
adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid …

Industrial biotechnology is a continuously expanding field focused on the application of
microorganisms to produce chemicals using renewable sources as substrates. Currently, an …

Mammalian intestine contains a large diversity of commensal microbiota, which is far more
than the number of host cells. Probiotics play an insecure and protective role against the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by an abnormal immune response,
includes two distinct types: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Extensive …