Objective To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in
chronic migraine. Background OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive …

The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary
bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and …

Capsaicin is the active ingredient of chili peppers and gives them the characteristic pungent
flavor. Understanding the actions of capsaicin led to the discovery of its receptor, transient …

The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra,
forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical …

Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a
coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow …

Materials and Methods Reverse Transcription–PCR. Poly (A) RNA was isolated from tissue
or cultured cells by homogenization in Trizol (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) followed …

The question of how the neural and immune systems interact in host defense is important,
integrating a system that senses the whole body with one that protects. Understanding the …

There is mounting evidence that the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor; transient receptor
potential channel, vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), is subjected to multiple interacting …

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that often occurs following peripheral tissue
inflammation and nerve injury. This pain, especially neuropathic pain, is a significant clinical …

During dermal injury and the associated trauma a number of compounds are released that
can mediate the inflammatory response. Determining the cellular mechanisms that initiate …