Due to increasing food‐safety issues, exploiting efficient approaches for food quality
assessment and instrumentation has attracted concerns worldwide. Herein, a smart …

The genetically encoded fluorescent sensors convert chemical and physical signals into
light. They are powerful tools for the visualisation of physiological processes in living cells …

Dopamine (DA) plays multiple roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological
processes via a large network of dopaminergic projections. To dissect the spatiotemporal …

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure
dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore …

Intensiometric genetically encoded biosensors, based on allosteric modulation of the
fluorescence of a single fluorescent protein, are powerful tools for enabling imaging of …

Genetically encoded dopamine sensors based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) enable
high-resolution imaging of dopamine dynamics in behaving animals. However, these GFP …

The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of
Na+-and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic …

Norepinephrine (NE) is a key biogenic monoamine neurotransmitter involved in a wide
range of physiological processes. However, its precise dynamics and regulation remain …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The
Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V …