Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-
spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of …

Cloning of multiple opioid receptors has presented opportunities to investigate the
mechanisms of multiple opioid receptor signaling and the regulation of these signals. The …

The endogenous opioid system consists of three opioid peptide precursor genes encoding
enkephalins (preproenkephalin, Penk), dynorphins (preprodynorphin, Pdyn) and β …

Heroin is an opioid agonist commonly abused for its rewarding effects. Since its synthesis at
the end of the nineteenth century, its popularity as a recreational drug has ebbed and …

Background: Animal and human studies indicate the exis-tence of important sex-related
differences in opioid-mediated behavior. In this study the authors examined the influence of …

A historical review of the early phases of molecular investigations of opioid receptors is
presented. The 'modern'era of molecular studies of neurotransmitter and drug receptor …

Large scale sequencing of the human μ-opioid receptor (hMOR) gene has revealed
polymorphic mutations that occur within the coding region. We have investigated whether …

Background: A recent genetic study in mice and humans revealed the modulatory effect of
MC1R (melanocortin-1 receptor) gene variants on κ-opioid receptor mediated analgesia. It is …

There is a vast amount of pharmacological evidence favouring the existence of multiple
subtypes of opioid receptors. In addition to the primary classification of µ (mu: MOP), δ (delta …