Autosomal recessive IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiencies predispose affected patients to
recurrent invasive pyogenic bacterial infection. Both defects result in the selective …

The innate immunity plays a critical role in host protection against pathogens and it relies
amongst others on pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and …

Human interleukin (IL) 1 receptor–associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a recently
discovered primary immunodeficiency that impairs Toll/IL-1R immunity, except for the Toll …

Five TLRs are thought to play an important role in antiviral immunity, sensing viral products
and inducing IFN-α/β and-λ. Surprisingly, patients with a defect of IRAK-4, a critical kinase …

Since the early 1950s, the dominant paradigm in the human genetics of infectious diseases
postulates that rare monogenic immunodeficiencies confer vulnerability to multiple infectious …

Complement deficiencies are probably vastly under-diagnosed within clinical medicine.
Judging from a Swedish study of C2 deficiency, a deficiency with an estimated prevalence of …

Summary The type-1 cytokine (interleukin 12, interleukin 23, interferon γ, interleukin 17)
signalling pathway is triggered during infection by activation of phagocyte-expressed pattern …

Background: About 2% of childhood episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are
recurrent, and most remain unexplained. Objective: To report two cases of otherwise …

Innovation systems (IS) and science policy scholarship predominantly focus on linkages
between universities and industry, and the commercial translation of academic discoveries …

LPS stimulates a vigorous inflammatory response from circulating leukocytes that varies
greatly from individual to individual. The goal of this study was to use an unbiased approach …