Discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts by instruments flown on Explorer 1 in 1958
was the first major discovery of the Space Age. The observation of distinct inner and outer …

The past decade transformed our observational understanding of energetic particle
processes in near‐Earth space. An unprecedented suite of observational systems was in …

We simulate the radiation belt electron flux enhancements during selected Geospace
Environment Modeling (GEM) challenge events to quantitatively compare the major …

The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the concept of radial diffusion in
magnetospheric research. This makes it one of the oldest research topics in radiation belt …

Various physical processes are known to cause acceleration, loss, and transport of
energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts, but their quantitative roles in different time …

Whistler mode chorus waves are responsible for electron acceleration in Earth's radiation
belts. It is unclear, however, whether the observed acceleration is still well described by …

Many spacecraft fly within or through a natural and variable particle accelerator powered by
the coupling between the magnetosphere and the solar wind: the Earth's radiation belts …

The radiation belts of the Earth, filled with energetic electrons, comprise complex and
dynamic systems that pose a significant threat to satellite operation. While various models of …

In this paper we describe K2, a comprehensive simulation model of Earth's radiation belts
that includes a wide range of relevant physical processes. Global MHD simulations are …

In addition to clarifying morphological structures of the Earth's radiation belts, it has also
been a major achievement of the Van Allen Probes mission to understand more thoroughly …