Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In
utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and …

Background: Over the past 10 years, research into environmental risk factors for autism has
grown dramatically, bringing evidence that an array of non-genetic factors acting during the …

Objective: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in conduct disorder and in
oppositional defiant disorder have shown inconsistencies. The aim of this meta-analysis of …

While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described,
effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often …

Background A large proportion of adolescents drink alcohol, with many engaging in high-
risk patterns of consumption, including binge drinking. Here, we systematically review and …

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as dopamine, participate in a wide range of
behavioral and cognitive functions in the adult brain, including movement, cognition, and …

The impact of toxins on the developing brain is usually subtle for an individual child, but the
damage can be substantial at the population level. Numerous challenges must be …

It is well known that smoking during pregnancy can affect offspring health. Prenatal tobacco
exposure has been associated with negative behavioral and cognitive outcomes in …

Environmental exposures including toxins and nutrition may hamper the developing brain in
utero, limiting the brain's reserve capacity and increasing the risk for Alzheimer's disease …

Although established adult smokers with long histories of nicotine dependence have lower
neural tissue volume than non‐smokers, it is not clear if lower regional brain volume is also …