Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of psychiatric disorders, with anxiety disorders
being the most common and affecting as many as 30% of youths. A core feature of anxiety …

Safety learning involves associating stimuli with the absence of threats, enabling the
inhibition of fear and anxiety. Despite growing interest in psychology, psychiatry, and …

Heightened fear and inefficient safety learning are key features of fear and anxiety disorders.
Evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy …

BLA neurons serve a well-accepted role in fear conditioning and fear extinction. However,
the specific learning processes related to their activity at different times during learning …

Inhibitory associative learning counters the effects of excitatory learning, whether
appetitively or aversively motivated. Moreover, the affective responses accompanying the …

Distinguishing safety from danger is necessary for survival, but is aberrant in individuals with
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While PTSD is more prevalent in women than men …

Anxiety and stress-related disorders are highly prevalent and are characterized by
excessive fear to threatening and nonthreatening stimuli. Moreover, there is a large sex bias …

It is not uncommon for humans or animals to experience traumatic events in their lifetimes.
However, the majority of individuals are resilient to long-term detrimental changes turning …

Abstract Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a first-line treatment for pediatric anxiety
disorders, is based on principles of threat learning and extinction. However, CBT does not …

Cognition is a complex brain function that represents processes such as learning and
memory, attention, working memory, and executive functions amongst others. Impairments in …