The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive loss of memory and cognition, for which there is no
cure. Although genetic studies initially suggested a primary role for amyloid-in Alzheimer's …

Plastic debris have been shown to degenerate to particle sizes that can be transported in air,
water, and food. Small particles are documented to enter and exit our bodies and translocate …

Over 20 years ago, the synaptic protein α-synuclein was identified as the primary component
of the Lewy bodies (LBs) that are a sine qua non of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since that …

Neurotransmission is sustained by endocytosis and refilling of synaptic vesicles (SVs)
locally within the presynapse. Until recently, a consensus formed that after exocytosis, SVs …

Parkin-mediated mitophagy has been studied extensively, but whether mutations in parkin
contribute to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis through alternative mechanisms remains …

The function of human nervous system is critically dependent on proper interneuronal
communication. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles are emerging as a novel form of …

Hsp90 is an essential chaperone that guards proteome integrity and amounts to 2% of
cellular protein. We now find that Hsp90 also has the ability to directly interact with and …

Lipids are the most abundant organic compounds in the brain. The brain has a unique
lipidome, and changes in lipid concentration, organization, and metabolism are associated …

Cellular phospholipids (PLs) differ by the nature of their polar heads as well as by the length
and unsaturation level of their fatty acyl chains. We discuss how the ratio between saturated …