All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The
urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of …

Despite being a biological waste, human urine contains a small population of cells with self-
renewal capacity and differentiation potential into several cell types. Being derived from the …

In the case of pediatric urology there are several congenital conditions, such as
hypospadias and neurogenic bladder, which affect, respectively, the urethra and the urinary …

Background Techniques to treat urethral stricture and hypospadias are restricted, as
substitution of the unhealthy urethra with tissue from other origins (skin, bladder or buccal …

Tissue engineering (TE) was introduced almost 30 years ago as a potential technique for
regenerating human tissues. However, despite promising laboratory findings, the complexity …

The repair of urethral stricture is approached with multiple different techniques, ranging from
endoscopic incision to graft placement for open reconstruction, in an attempt to open and …

Tissue engineering is an emerging field of research that initially aimed to produce 3D
tissues to bypass the lack of adequate tissues for the repair or replacement of deficient …

Urethral strictures and anomalies remain among the difficult problems in urology, with
urethroplasty procedures being the most effective treatment options. The two major types of …

Despite developing surgical techniques in urethral surgery, the outcome and complications
are still unsatisfactory. Alternative treatment modality has been coming up, particularly in …

Hypospadias, characterized by misplacement of the urinary meatus in the lower side of the
penis, is a frequent birth defect in male children. Because of the huge variation in the …