Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a
fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor …

Breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 women, and it is estimated that over 246,660
women in the USA will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2016. Breast cancer mortality has …

Excessive caloric intake without a rise in energy expenditure promotes adipocyte
hyperplasia and adiposity. The rise in adipocyte number is triggered by signaling factors that …

Alzheimer׳ s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in North America.
Growing evidence supports the concept that AD is a metabolic disease mediated by …

The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that
regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural …

Bone, a highly specialized supporting framework of the body, is characterized by its rigidity
and hardness and is endowed with the power of regeneration and repair. Its formation is …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a superfamily of cell surface signalling
proteins that have a pivotal role in many physiological functions and in multiple diseases …

Mechanotransduction research has focused historically on how externally applied forces
can affect cell signalling and function. A growing body of evidence suggests that contractile …

Dickkopf (Dkk) genes comprise an evolutionary conserved small gene family of four
members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). They encode secreted …

In many contexts, self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells are influenced by signals
from their environment, constituting a niche. It is postulated that stem cells compete for local …