Causality is a complex concept, which roots its developments across several fields, such as
statistics, economics, epidemiology, computer science, and philosophy. In recent years, the …

Program evaluation methods are widely applied in economics to assess the effects of policy
interventions and other treatments of interest. In this article, we describe the main …

Public R&D subsidy is a commonly adopted policy instrument to promote firms' exploratory
innovation that encourages novel knowledge learning. Under the multi-level institutional …

Knowledge of causal effects is of great importance to decision makers in a wide variety of
settings. In many cases, however, these causal effects are not known to the decision makers …

We analyze lending by traditional as well as fintech lenders during COVID-19. Comparing
samples of fintech and bank loan records across the outbreak, we find that fintech …

Objectives To model the steps involved in preparing for and carrying out propensity score
analyses by providing step‐by‐step guidance and Stata code applied to an empirical …

COVID-19 has led to the closure of various schools in Japan to cope with the pandemic. This
study explores how school closure influences parents' work style based on short panel data …

In this paper, the impact of national eco-industrial parks (EIPs) on green technological
progress is assessed, with a focus on Chinese cities. Staggered difference-in-differences is …

Predicated on the increasing abundance of electronic health records, we investigate the
problem of inferring individualized treatment effects using observational data. Stemming …

This paper analyzes the adoption and welfare impacts of improved maize varieties in
eastern Zambia using data obtained from a sample of over 800 farm households. Using both …