Classical Internet evolved exceptionally during the last five decades, from a network
comprising a few static nodes in the early days to a leviathan interconnecting billions of …

Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. It has
propelled research in the foundations of quantum theory and quantum information science …

Quantum teleportation, which is the transfer of an unknown quantum state from one station
to another over a certain distance with the help of nonlocal entanglement shared by a …

Entanglement swapping, which is a core component of quantum network and an important
platform for testing the foundation of quantum mechanics, can enable the entangling of two …

Multiplexing is crucial for the data-carrying capacity of information communication systems.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) with a topological charge ℓ (ℓ integer) provides a degree …

Secret sharing is a conventional technique for realizing secure communications in
information networks, where a dealer distributes to n players a secret, which can only be …

Non-classical states of light, which include squeezed and entangled states of light, are the
cornerstone of quantum mechanics and quantum information sciences. To date, non …

As two valuable quantum resources, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement and steering
play important roles in quantum-enhanced communication protocols. Distributing such …

Quantum networks require parallel quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum
memories (QMs) for practical applications. However, usually one pair of QMs is entangled …

Entanglement swapping, the process to entangle two particles without coupling them in any
way, is one of the most striking manifestations of the quantum-mechanical nonlocal …