Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

All animals, including humans, live in symbiotic association with microorganisms. The
immune system accommodates host colonization by the microbiota, maintains microbiota …

Dysbiosis is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but it is unclear which specific
intestinal bacteria predispose to and which protect from IBD and how they are regulated …

Interactions between commensals and the host impact the metabolic and immune status of
metazoans. Their deregulation is associated with age-related pathologies like chronic …

Background and aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to a loss of
tolerance towards the resident microflora. Therapeutic use of probiotics is known to be strain …

Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. A
common late-stage complication of this disease is oligoarticular arthritis, often involving the …

Gut epithelial cells contact both commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and proper responses
to these bacteria require a balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. In the …

Bacterial pathogens that colonize mucosal surfaces have acquired resistance to
antimicrobials that are abundant at these sites. One of the main antimicrobials present on …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs or PGLYRPs) are innate immunity proteins that
are conserved from insects to mammals, recognize bacterial peptidoglycan, and function in …

The recombinant lysins of lytic phages, when applied externally to Gram-positive bacteria,
can be efficient bactericidal agents, typically retaining high specificity. Their development as …