Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

Other changes prior to migration often include reorganisation of body composition to reduce
maintenance costs for tissues not necessary during endurance exercise (Piersma et al …

Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also
reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected …

Understanding large‐scale migratory behaviours, local movement patterns and population
connectivity are critical to determining the natural processes and anthropogenic stressors …

Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) are capable of long-distance migrations (hundreds of
kilometers) but also exhibit resident behaviors in estuarine and coastal habitats. The aim of …

Billions of birds migrate every year. To conduct a successful migration, birds undergo a
multitude of physiological adaptions. One such adaptation includes adjustments of immune …

Migration can influence host–parasite dynamics in animals by increasing exposure to
parasites, by reducing the energy available for immune defense, or by culling of infected …

While many species suffer from human activities, some like geese benefit and may show
range expansions. In some cases geese (partially) gave up migration and started breeding …

Landscape genetics, which explicitly quantifies landscape effects on gene flow and
adaptation, has largely focused on macroorganisms, with little attention given to …

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes proteins that are central for antigen
presentation and pathogen elimination. MHC class I (MHC-I) genes have attracted a great …