Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities …

All animals, including humans, live in symbiotic association with microorganisms. The
immune system accommodates host colonization by the microbiota, maintains microbiota …

Nod1 and Nod2 are mammalian proteins implicated in the intracellular detection of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Recently, naturally occurring peptidoglycan (PG) …

The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for a
variety of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are key regulators of insect immune responses.
In addition to recognition PGRPs, which activate the Toll and Imd pathways, the Drosophila …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules that are present
in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. All PGRPs function in antimicrobial defence …

Insects depend solely upon innate immune responses to survive infection. These responses
include the activation of extracellular protease cascades, leading to melanization and …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules present in
insects, mollusks, echinoderms, and vertebrates, but not in nematodes or plants. PGRPs …

Innate immune system recognizes microorganisms through a series of pattern recognition
receptors that are highly conserved in evolution. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins …

Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that
are structurally related to bacterial amidases. Several Drosophila PGRPs have lost this …