Safe drinking water remains a major global challenge, especially in rural areas where,
according to UNICEF, 80% of those without access to improved water systems reside. While …

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been mainstreamed in many large
municipal water systems as part of a paradigm shift in the drinking water industry towards …

The improvement of water quality is closely associated with man-environment relationships.
There should be a dialogue between all actors and the community when undertaking water …

Highlights•Household Multistage Filter removed over 60% of turbidity and 1.5 log of E.
coli.•Dynamic Gravel Filter was an effective pre-treatment for household slow-sand …

Centralized drinking water systems benefit many households, but do not reach the most
disadvantaged populations such as rural communities. Therefore, initiatives for providing …

Long-term environmental contamination through microplastic (MP) exposure remains poorly
understood and may pose economic and geochemical threats. Notably, only a few studies …

The turbidity of the Citarum River was high, fluctuating, and used as a drinking water source
by PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). This study aimed to determine the ability of a …

This research aimed to address the knowledge gaps in the literature regarding the removal
of waterborne pathogens (viruses and protozoa) by modified multistage slow sand filtration …

Horizontal flow Roughing filter units (HRF) have been found to be the most effective and
appropriate pre-treatment method used before slow sand filters (SSF) for application in …

Abstract Integrated Algae Pond Systems (IAPS) are a derivation of the Oswald designed
Algal Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS®) and combine the use of anaerobic …