There is now ample evidence that extinction, the loss of learned performance that occurs
when a Pavlovian signal or an instrumental action is repeatedly presented without its …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate that a single sub-psychomimetic dose of ketamine,
an ionotropic glutamatergic NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) antagonist, produces …

The ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of methylcytosine dioxygenases catalyze oxidation
of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and promote DNA …

Consolidated memories can re-enter states of transient instability following reactivation, from
which they must again stabilize in order to persist, contradicting the previously dominant …

Memory retrieval is not a passive phenomenon. Instead, it triggers a number of processes
that either reinforce or alter stored information. Retrieval is thought to activate a second …

The neural mechanisms by which fear is inhibited are poorly understood at the present time.
Behaviorally, a conditioned fear response may be reduced in intensity through a number of …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to play a critical role in the synaptic
plasticity underlying the acquisition and/or consolidation of certain forms of memory …

Cellular theories of memory consolidation posit that new memories require new protein
synthesis in order to be stored. Systems consolidation theories posit that the hippocampus …

The idea that new memories are initially 'labile'and sensitive to disruption before becoming
permanently stored in the wiring of the brain has been dogma for> 100 years. Recently, we …