Background This review focuses on exosomes derived from various cancer cells. The review
discusses the possibility of differentiating macrophages in alternatively activated anti …

Cancer cells face various metabolic challenges during tumor progression, including growth
in the nutrient-altered and oxygen-deficient microenvironment of the primary site …

Otto Warburg's theory on the origins of cancer postulates that tumor cells have defects in
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and therefore rely on high levels of aerobic …

Mitochondria serves a primary role in energy maintenance but also function to govern levels
of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS). ROS have long been established …

Mitochondria play essential roles in cellular bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and apoptosis.
During the process of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria utilize oxygen …

Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents up to 20% of all breast
cancers. This cancer lacks the expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor …

Bridging the gap between animal or in vitro models and human disease is essential in
medical research. Researchers often suggest that a biological mechanism is relevant to …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide and crucial component of the extracellular
matrix (ECM), maintaining tissue hydration and tension. Moreover, HA contributes to …

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been
demonstrated as an important regulator in diverse human cancers. However, its function and …

In order to metastasize, tumor cells must adapt to untoward, stressful microenvironments as
they disseminate into the systemic circulation and colonize distant organ sites. Autophagy, a …