This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence
and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related …

Learning that certain cues or environments predict threat enhances survival by promoting
appropriate fear and the resulting defensive responses. Adapting to changing stimulus …

Background Comorbidity of anxiety disorders, stressor-and trauma-related disorders, and
substance use disorders is extremely common. Moreover, therapies that reduce pathological …

Early-life stress has pervasive, typically detrimental, effects on physical and mental health
across the lifespan. In rats, maternal-separation stress results in premature expression of an …

Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction have been widely studied across many species to
understand emotional learning and memory. Importantly, it is becoming clear that these …

Despite the prevalent expression of freezing behavior following Pavlovian fear conditioning,
a growing body of literature suggests potential sex differences in defensive responses. Our …

A hallmark of anxiety-related disorders is difficulties in inhibiting irrational and excessive
fear. Fear and anxiety usually occur as a result of internal or external cues (Anderson and …

Reduction of conditioned fear expression by extinction underlies cue exposure therapies
that treat anxiety disorders. Extinction is context-specific. Renewal, for example, is the …

Adolescence is a critical period for postnatal brain maturation and a time during which there
is increased susceptibility to developing emotional and cognitive-related disorders. Exercise …