Opioid receptors comprise μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP)
receptors. Opioids are agonists of MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, whereas …

Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors
expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a …

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

Evolutionarily, the nervous system and immune cells have evolved to communicate with
each other to control inflammation and host responses against injury. Recent findings in …

Opioids are employed in the management of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain
(CINP) when other pain management approaches have failed and proven ineffective …

The central nervous system regulates the immune system through the secretion of hormones
from the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs, while the peripheral nervous system …

Opioids still appear to be most promising among current approaches in the development of
analgesics. Basic knowledge about pathophysiology of clinical pain and novel insights in …

Background: PENK (proenkephalin) is a stable surrogate for enkephalins, endogenous
opioid peptides, which exert cardiodepressive effects and improve renal function. PENK has …

The incidence of oral cancer in the United States is increasing, especially in young people
and women. Patients with oral cancer report severe functional pain. Using a patient cohort …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of common heterogeneous
disorders, characterized by an alteration of cellular homeostasis. Primarily, it has been …