Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

The locus coeruleus (LC) contains norepinephrine (NE)-synthesizing neurons that send
diffuse projections throughout the central nervous system. The LC-NE system has a major …

Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from
where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A …

The modulation of dopamine release from midbrain projections to the striatum has long
been demonstrated in reward-based learning, but the synaptic basis of aversive learning is …

In the central nervous system (CNS), dopamine (DA) is involved in motor and cognitive
functions. Although the cerebellum is not been considered an elective dopaminergic region …

Purkinje cell (PC) dysfunction or degeneration is the most frequent finding in animal models
with ataxic symptoms. Mutations affecting intrinsic membrane properties can lead to ataxia …

The parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse represents the point of maximal signal
divergence in the cerebellar cortex with an estimated number of about 60 billion synaptic …

Stress-related psychiatric conditions are one of the main causes of disability in developed
countries. They account for a large portion of resource investment in stress-related …

The role of the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been neglected for a long time.
Recent studies carried out using transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that amyloid …

The cerebellum processes neural signals related to rewarding and aversive stimuli,
suggesting that the cerebellum supports nonmotor functions in cognitive and emotional …