Recently, the inflammatory and neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression was
formulated (Maes et al., 2009), ie the neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis that …

In this review, we focus on the relationship among Parkinson's disease (PD), stress and
depression. Parkinson's disease patients have a high risk of developing depression, and it is …

Background: Major causative factor for major depression is inflammation, autoimmune tissue
damage and prolonged psychological stress, which leads to oxidative stress. The aim of this …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of
depression. Taking into account that experimental chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) …

Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs,
which is distinct from somatic pain. It is a hallmark of functional gastrointestinal disorders …

This paper reviews recent work on the biological underpinnings of clinical depression
emphasizing the crucial role of immunoinflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress …

Epidemiological studies have implicated stress (psychosocial and physical) as a trigger of
first onset or exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms of which visceral pain …

Stress is a state of threatened homeostasis that produces different physiological as well as
pathological changes depending on severity, type and duration of stress. The animal models …

Numerous studies have linked severe stress to the development of major depressive
disorder (MDD) and suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies from our …

Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of
aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these …