During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Narcolepsy is the most common neurological cause of chronic sleepiness. The discovery
about 20 years ago that narcolepsy is caused by selective loss of the neurons producing …

Lateral hypothalamus (LH) neurons containing the neuropeptide hypocretin (HCRT; orexin)
modulate affective components of arousal, but their relevant synaptic inputs remain poorly …

Wakefulness and vigilance levels are required for maintaining purposeful activities and
motivated behaviours, which are often triggered by sensory information conveying external …

A series of findings over the past decade has begun to identify the brain circuitry and
neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. The latter …

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder caused by deficiency of orexin signaling. However, the
neural mechanisms by which deficient orexin signaling causes the abnormal rapid eye …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

The hypothalamus is among the most phylogenetically conserved regions in the vertebrate
brain, reflecting its critical role in maintaining physiological and behavioural homeostasis. By …

Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic
neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two …