Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia
and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions …

Proton therapy treatments are based on a proton RBE (relative biological effectiveness)
relative to high-energy photons of 1.1. The use of this generic, spatially invariant RBE within …

The biological effectiveness of proton beams relative to photon beams in radiation therapy
has been taken to be 1.1 throughout the history of proton therapy. While potentially …

Radiotherapy should have low toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be very
effective in cell killing in the target region (tumour). In this regard, ions heavier than protons …

Charged particle therapy has been largely driven and influenced by nuclear physics. The
increase in energy deposition density along the ion path in the body allows reducing the …

Helium ion beam therapy for the treatment of cancer was one of several developed and
studied particle treatments in the 1950s, leading to clinical trials beginning in 1975 at the …

The use of charged particle therapy to control tumours non-invasively offers advantages
over conventional radiotherapy. Protons and heavy ions deposit energy far more selectively …

In addition to the physical advantages (Bragg peak), the use of charged particles in cancer
therapy can be associated with distinct biological effects compared to X-rays. While heavy …

Carbon ion therapy is a promising evolving modality in radiotherapy to treat tumors that are
radioresistant against photon treatments. As carbon ions are more effective in normal and …

Abstract Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is widely used to express the radiation quality of ion
beams, when characterizing the biological effectiveness. However, averaged LET may be …