Iron is essential to virtually all organisms, but poses problems of toxicity and poor solubility.
Bacteria have evolved various mechanisms to counter the problems imposed by their iron …

In Escherichia coli, the iron regulator Fur is regulated by two oxidative-stress response
regulators. The generation of dangerous radicals by oxygen and iron is the basis for this …

Abstract Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) protects cells from various insults including oxidative
stress. Transcriptional activators, including the Nrf2/Maf heterodimer, have been the focus of …

Iron is an essential micronutrient, and, in the case of bacteria, its availability is commonly a
growth-limiting factor. However, correct functioning of cells requires that the labile pool of …

Tetrapyrroles are macrocyclic molecules with various structural variants and multiple
functions in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Present knowledge about the metabolism of …

Symbiotic partnerships with rhizobial bacteria enable legumes to grow without nitrogen
fertilizer because rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia via nitrogenase …

Virtually all bacterial pathogens require iron to infect vertebrates. The most abundant source
of iron within vertebrates is in the form of heme as a cofactor of hemoproteins. Many …

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein, as originally described in Escherichia coli, is an iron-
sensing repressor that controls the expression of genes for siderophore biosynthesis and …

Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX) is an essential molecule for numerous living organisms. Not
only does it serve as a prosthetic group in enzymes, it also acts as a signaling molecule that …

The transcription repressor Bach1 is a sensor and effector of heme that regulates the
expression of heme oxygenase 1 and globin genes. Heme binds to Bach1, inhibiting its …