Background Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint that is primarily
located on the surface of tumor cells. PD-L1 expression detected by immunohistochemistry …

Cancers of the oral cavity cause significant cancer-related death worldwide. While survival
rates have improved in recent years, new methods of treatment are being investigated to …

Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), including HPV-16 and HPV-18, is the
main cause of malignancies, such as cervical cancer. Viral oncoproteins encoded by HPV …

Background Biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) emerge
rapidly in recent years, especially for new targeted therapies and immunotherapies …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a heterogeneous group of
tumors. While significant progress has been made using multimodal treatment, the 5‐year …

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class I expression and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in …

Purpose: Immunotherapy may be a potential alternative for patients with sinonasal
squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). Data regarding potential immunotherapy targets, such …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a trans-membrane protein that can reduce the
immune response in both infectious diseases and cancers and is commonly expressed in …

Globally, breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths among
women. In breast cancer, microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for both the initiation and …

Purpose Immune checkpoint proteins programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell
death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important therapeutic targets for head and neck cancer. This …