The toxin–antitoxin (TA) system is composed of a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that
neutralizes the toxin. Being perhaps the most studied among the different TA types, type II …

Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and
its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in …

Abstract The PIN (PilT N‐terminus) domain is a compact RNA‐binding protein domain
present in all domains of life. This 120‐residue domain consists of a central and parallel β …

Background Shigella specie is a globally important intestinal pathogen disseminated all
over the world. In this study we analyzed the genome and the proteomic component of two …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are genetic modules composed of a toxin interfering with
cellular processes and its cognate antitoxin, which counteracts the activity of the toxin. TA …

Expression of bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems is regulated at the transcriptional
level through direct binding of the antitoxin to pseudo-palindromic sequences on operator …

Toxin-antitoxin systems are widespread in the bacterial kingdom, including in pathogenic
species, where they allow rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions through …

RNases are varied in the RNA structures and sequences they target for cleavage and are an
important type of enzyme in cells. Despite the numerous examples of RNases known, and of …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene pairs have been identified in nearly all bacterial genomes
sequenced to date and are thought to facilitate persistence and antibiotic tolerance. TA loci …

In the recent decades, essential steps of protein structure determination such as phasing by
multiple isomorphous replacement and multi wave length anomalous dispersion, molecular …