Diabetes is a major public health disease that is globally approaching epidemic proportions.
One of the major causes of type 2 diabetes is either a defect in insulin secretion or insulin …

The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast
genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every …

Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic adaptation is a vital hallmark and prerequisite
for macrophage phenotype transition. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is an essential molecular …

Bile acids (BA) are important physiological molecules not only mediating nutrients
absorption and metabolism in peripheral tissues, but exerting neuromodulation effect in the …

Microglia, resident macrophages that act as the brain's innate immune cells, play a key role
in initiating a defense response to the infection or neuroinflammation of the host. Once a …

With the acceleration of global population aging, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) will
become the second leading cause of death in the world, which seriously threatens human …

Glial cells are the most abundant cells of the brain, outnumbering neurons. These
multifunctional cells are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis by providing trophic and …

According to reports, gut microbiota and metabolites regulate the intestinal immune
microenvironment. In recent years, an increasing number of studies reported that bile acids …

The liver partakes as a sensor and effector of peripheral metabolic changes and a regulator
of systemic blood and nutrient circulation. As such, abnormalities arising from liver …

The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reduces cell death under oxidative stress
and inflammation. Implants of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (bmSC) are currently …