CC chemokines (or β-chemokines) are 28 chemotactic cytokines with an N-terminal CC
domain that play an important role in immune system cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ …

Tumours are surrounded by a host immune system that can suppress or promote tumour
growth. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has often been framed as a singular entity …

Background Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked chronic inflammation to
cancer aetiology. It is unclear whether associations for specific inflammatory biomarkers are …

Cancer metastasis is responsible for the vast majority of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. In
contrast to numerous discoveries that reveal the detailed mechanisms leading to the …

After stroke, peripheral immune cells are activated and these systemic responses may
amplify brain damage, but how the injured brain sends out signals to trigger systemic …

Hypoxia, ie, oxygen deficiency condition, is one of the most important factors promoting the
growth of tumors. Since its effect on the chemokine system is crucial in understanding the …

Lymphatic metastasis constitutes a leading cause of recurrence and mortality in bladder
cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that lymphangiogenesis is indispensable to trigger …

Chemokines are a family of small protein cytokines that act as chemoattractants to migrating
cells, in particular those of the immune system. They are categorized functionally as either …

Lymph nodes (LNs) aid the interaction between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells,
resulting in adequate and prolonged adaptive immune responses. LN stromal cells (LNSCs) …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 3 (VEGFR3), a receptor tyrosine kinase
encoded by the FLT4 gene, plays a significant role in the morphogenesis and maintenance …