The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS),
are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is globally considered as one of the most debilitating disorders,
which interferes with daily activities and life of the affected patients. Despite many …

Neuropathic pain treatment remains a challenge because pathomechanism is not fully
understood. It is believed that glial activation and increased spinal nociceptive factors are …

Treatment of neuropathic pain remains a challenge for modern medicine due to the
insufficiently understood molecular mechanisms of its development and maintenance. One …

Background Neuropathic pain is clinically challenging because it is resistant to alleviation by
morphine. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase …

Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people
worldwide. Unlike acute pain, which is short-term and starts suddenly in response to an …

Despite the increasing knowledge regarding pain modulation, the understanding of the
mechanisms behind a complex and pathologic chronic pain condition is still insufficient …

AIM To investigate the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion (HPM) on phosphorylation of
mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) 1, extracellular signal …

Understanding mechanism of neuropathic pain is too complex and involves both peripheral
and central pathophysiological phenomenon. Accordingly the treatment of neuropathic pain …

Background ATP/ADP-evoked spinal astrocyte activation plays a vital role in the
development of neuropathic pain. We aim to investigate the role of mammalian target of …