Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

There is a long-standing paradox that NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs)
can both promote neuronal health and kill neurons. Recent studies show that NMDAR …

The universality of calcium as an intracellular messenger depends on its enormous
versatility. Cells have a calcium signalling toolkit with many components that can be mixed …

The transcription factor CREB? for'cyclic AMP response element-binding protein'? functions
in glucose homeostasis, growth-factor-dependent cell survival, and has been implicated in …

The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular
regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information …

Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly
studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the …

CREB and its close relatives are now widely accepted as prototypical stimulus-inducible
transcription factors. In many cell types, these factors function as effector molecules that …

▪ Abstract Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating
intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the …

Synaptic activity initiates biochemical processes that have various outcomes, including the
formation of memories, increases in neuronal survival and the development of chronic pain …