Physical activity plays an important role in preventing chronic disease in adults and the
elderly. Exercise has beneficial effects on the nervous system, including at the …

Purpose The role of exercise in the management of people with amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (PALS) is controversial and currently unclear. The purpose of this review article is …

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling through its high-affinity tropomyosin
receptor kinase B (TrkB) is known to have potent effects on motor neuron survival and …

Age-associated changes in tongue muscle structure and strength may contribute to
dysphagia in elderly people. Tongue exercise is a current treatment option. We …

Objective To investigate potential effects of sex on voluntary tongue strength, evoked twitch
and tetanic tension, speed of contraction, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the …

The P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) are essential for synaptic
transmission at adult mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs); however, the …

Parkinson disease (PD) causes voice and swallow dysfunction even in early stages of the
disease. Treatment of this dysfunction is limited, and the neuropathology underlying this …

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but still underrecognized disorder. A
mandibular repositioning appliance (MRA) is used to treat OSA by advancing the mandible …

Presynaptic active zones are synaptic vesicle release sites that play essential roles in the
function and pathology of mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The molecular …

Abstract Purpose of Review Dysphagia is highly prevalent in Parkinson disease (PD) but is
not typically identified nor treated until later in the disease process. This review summarizes …