Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is …

The discovery of steroid hormone receptors in brain regions that mediate every aspect of
brain function has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology'to include the reciprocal …

Rhythms are intrinsic to endocrine systems, and disruption of these hormone oscillations
occurs at very early stages of the disease. Because adrenal hormones are secreted with …

BACKGROUND & AIMS:: The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in hepatic
fibrogenesis. In other organs, myofibroblasts accumulated in damaged tissues generate …

Inhibition or blockade of the angiotensin-aldosterone system consistently decreases
ischemic cardiovascular events in clinical trials. The steroid hormone aldosterone acts by …

The adrenal cortex is a critical steroidogenic endocrine tissue, generated at least in part from
the coelomic epithelium of the urogenital ridge. Neither the intercellular signals that regulate …

Since the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was cloned 30 years ago, it has become clear that
MR is expressed in extra-renal tissues, including the cardiovascular system, where it is …

The liver is the main metabolic organ in the body, serving as a significant hormonal
secretory gland and functioning to maintain hormone balance and homeostasis. Steroid …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with fast spreading
all over the world caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which can culminate in a severe acute …

Regulation of fluid balance is pivotal during surgery and anesthesia and affects patient
morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay. Retention of sodium and water is known to …