Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

abstract Parasites are ubiquitous components of biological systems that have evolved in
multiple independent lineages during the history of life, resulting in a diversity of taxa greater …

In animals, sex differences in immunity are proposed to shape variation in infection
prevalence and intensity among individuals in a population, with females typically expected …

The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of
autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from …

An animal's social behaviour both influences and changes in response to its parasites. Here
we consider these bidirectional links between host social behaviours and parasite infection …

Background Host sexual dimorphism is being increasingly recognized to generate strong
differences in the outcome of infectious disease, but the mechanisms underlying …

Malaria parasites have been shown to adjust their life history traits to changing
environmental conditions. Parasite relapses and recrudescences—marked increases in …

The infection process of many diseases can be divided into series of steps, each one
required to successfully complete the parasite's life and transmission cycle. This approach …

Background Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in
reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual …

Fatality rates of infectious diseases are often higher in men than women. Although this
difference is often attributed to a stronger immune response in women, we show that …