Central nervous system (CNS) risks which include during space missions and lifetime risks
due to space radiation exposure are of concern for long-term exploration missions to Mars or …

As NASA prepares for the first manned mission to Mars in the next 20 years, close attention
has been placed on the cognitive welfare of astronauts, who will likely endure extended …

Interplanetary exploration will be humankind's most ambitious expedition and the journey
required to do so, is as intimidating as it is intrepid. One major obstacle for successful deep …

A well-accepted model of episodic memory involves the processing of spatial and non-
spatial information by segregated pathways and their association within the hippocampus …

The space radiation environment contains protons and 56Fe, which could pose a significant
hazard to space flight crews during and after missions. The space environment involves …

The radiation environment in deep space includes the galactic cosmic radiation with
different proportions of all naturally occurring ions from protons to uranium. Most …

Ground-based rodent models have established that space radiation doses (approximately
those that astronauts will be exposed to on a mission to Mars) significantly impair …

Purpose: Heavy ion and proton brain irradiations occur during space travel and in Hadron
therapy for cancer. Heavy ions produce distinct patterns of energy deposition in neuron cells …

Cranial irradiation (IR) is commonly used for the treatment of brain tumors but may cause
disastrous brain injury, especially in the hippocampus, which has important cognition and …

Abstract Space travel will expose people to high-energy, heavy particle radiation, and the
cognitive deficits induced by this exposure are not well understood. To investigate the short …