For over three decades, a mainstay and goal of clinical oncology has been the development
of therapies promoting the effective elimination of cancer cells by apoptosis. This …

Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to
maintain intracellular homeostasis. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Cancer cells encounter numerous stresses that pose a threat to their survival. Tumor
microenviroment stresses that perturb protein homeostasis can produce endoplasmic …

Mitochondria are organized in the cell in the form of a dynamic, interconnected network.
Mitochondrial dynamics, regulated by mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking, ensure …

Selective degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; reticulophagy) is a type of
autophagy involved in the removal of ER fragments. So far, amino acid starvation as well as …

Endothelial cells integrally form a crucial interface that maintains homeostasis of the
cardiovascular system. As a vulnerable target of PM2. 5, the underlying mechanisms of …

The survival of cancer cells after detaching from the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential
for the metastatic cascade. The programmed cell death after detachment is known as …

External and internal stimuli are often involved in the pathogenesis of tumors, and the
deterioration of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function within cells is also an important …

Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful genetic model system in which to investigate
the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we …