The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the
immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the …

Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a common type of cancer
originating from the pancreatic glands and is characterized by a rapidly progressive course …

Cancer immunotherapies typically aim to stimulate the accumulation and activity of cytotoxic
T-cells or pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting cells, reduce immunosuppressive myeloid …

Gemcitabine (GEM) is a nucleoside analogue approved as a first line of therapy for
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, rapid metabolism by plasma cytidine …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer treatment;
however, only a subset of patients with brain metastasis (BM) respond to ICI. Activating …

Cell signaling is orchestrated in part through a network of protein kinases and
phosphatases. Dysregulation of kinase signaling is widespread in diseases such as cancer …

Background Cell adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3), a transmembrane glycoprotein on cell
membranes, plays a role in the way of ligand and receptor interaction. However, there are …

The tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) plays a key role
in tumor progression and response to therapy. The dense PDAC stroma causes …

Targeted tumor therapies of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) do not work for every patient
with cancer, owing to differences in the level of RTK heterogeneity, RTK co-activation …

Programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade, including antibody
therapeutics, has transformed cancer treatment. However, a major challenge in the field …