The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has
fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the “fifth” ribonucleotide in …

To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes
have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most …

This volume is a timely and comprehensive description of the many facets of DNA and RNA
modification-editing processes and to some extent repair mechanisms. Each chapter offers …

Sulfuration of uridine 8, in bacterial and archaeal tRNAs, is catalyzed by enzymes formerly
known as ThiI, but renamed here TtuI. Two different classes of TtuI proteins, which possess a …

Pseudouridine (Ψ) located at position 55 in tRNA is a nearly universally conserved RNA
modification found in all three domains of life. This modification is catalyzed by TruB in …

The high conservation of nucleotides of the T-loop, including their chemical identity, are
hallmarks of tRNAs from organisms belonging to the three Domains of Life. These structural …

The existence of the thiouridine synthetase, methyltransferase and pseudouridine synthase
(THUMP) domain was originally predicted by a bioinformatic study. Since the prediction of …

Methylation of the N1 atom of guanosine at position 37 in tRNA, the position 3′‐adjacent to
the anticodon, generates the modified nucleoside m1G37. In archaea and eukaryotes …

Transfer RNA (N 2, N 2-guanine)-dimethyltransferase (Trm1) catalyzes N 2, N 2-
dimethylguanine formation at position 26 (m 2 2 G26) in tRNA. In the reaction, N 2-guanine …

Post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications of factors involved in translation are
very important for the control and accuracy of protein biosynthesis. Among these factors …