Integration of mangroves in projects to reduce coastal flood risk is increasingly being
recognised as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. In addition to the construction of …

It is commonly accepted that vegetation patterns and water supply mutually define each
other. In mangroves, soil water salinity and the corresponding osmotic potential are the main …

Conceptual models have described mangrove forest structure in response to tidal
inundation, porewater salinity and mangrove water use, however, the importance of …

Agent-based vegetation models are a widely used tool in ecology, for example, to
understand and predict the response of vegetation to environmental change. Models are …

As climate-change-driven extremes potentially make coastal areas more vulnerable,
mangroves can help sustainably protect the coasts. There is a substantial understanding of …

Ecology is usually very good in making descriptive explanations of what is observed, but is
often unable to make predictions of the response of ecosystems to change. This has …

Key message Plant–soil feedbacks in mangrove ecosystems are important for ecosystem
resilience and can be investigated by establishing links between empirical and modelling …

Ecosystem modeling is a critical process for understanding complex systems at
spatiotemporal scales needed to conserve, manage, and restore ecosystem services (ESs) …

Abstract Models can be powerful tools to help scientists, policymakers, and practitioners
forecast vegetation dynamics and inform management decisions in a variety of ecosystems …

Trees species in the mangrove genus Avicennia can shed canopy parts when exposed to
adverse environmental conditions, such as increases in porewater salinity. The individual …