The urogenital tract is a complex environment composed of many different types of epithelial
tissues and innate immune cells that sample the surrounding milieu. As a host-adapted …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Autoreactive B cells are present in the lymphoid tissues of healthy individuals, but typically
remain quiescent. When this homeostasis is perturbed, the formation of self-reactive …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins involved in innate immunity by
recognizing microbial conserved structures. Recent studies have shown that TLR3 …

Bacterial sepsis and septic shock result from the overproduction of inflammatory mediators
as a consequence of the interaction of the immune system with bacteria and bacterial wall …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that detect invading pathogens by
binding conserved, microbially derived molecules and that induce signaling cascades for …

Many different bacterial species have the ability to cause an infection of the bovine
mammary gland and the host response to these infections is what we recognize as mastitis …