Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Lactate (La−) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic
settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La− has often been erroneously viewed as simply a …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …

Monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, and the ketone bodies play major roles in
metabolism and must be transported across both the plasma membrane and mitochondrial …

The corneal endothelium is responsible for maintaining the hydration of the cornea. This is
through a “Pump-Leak” mechanism where the active transport properties of the endothelium …

Brain function is inextricably coupled to water homeostasis. The fact that most of the volume
between neurons is occupied by glial cells, leaving only a narrow extracellular space …

Cytotoxic brain edema triggered by neuronal swelling is the chief cause of mortality
following brain trauma and cerebral infarct. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging to analyze …

The posterior segments of the eye are exquisitely protected from the external environment.
This poses unique and fairly challenging hurdles for drug delivery. It is somewhat dogmatic …

Corneal epithelium and blood–retina barrier (ie retinal capillaries and retinal pigment
epithelium (RPE)) are the key membranes that regulate the access of xenobiotics into the …

Large water fluxes continuously take place between the different compartments of the brain
as well as between the brain parenchyma and the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. This water …