Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis
characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD …

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a growing clinical problem which can result in breathlessness or
respiratory failure and has an average life expectancy of 3 years from diagnosis …

Interstitial lung fibrosis can develop as a consequence of occupational or medical exposure,
as a result of genetic defects, and after trauma or acute lung injury leading to …

Different animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have been developed to investigate potential
therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The most common is the bleomycin model …

Human pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, areas of type II
cell hyperplasia, accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and the deposition of …

Surfactant, a lipoprotein complex, was originally described for its essential role in reducing
surface tension at the air–liquid interface of the lung; however, it is now recognized as being …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a relentless, fibrotic parenchymal lung disease in which
alternatively programmed macrophages produce profibrotic molecules that promote …

Rationale: Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) has been implicated as a key cytokine in many
inflammatory lung diseases. These effects are currently unclear, because a transgenic …

Obesity is an epidemic worldwide and the obese people suffer from a range of respiratory
complications including fibrotic changes in the lung. The influence of obesity on the lung is …

Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) are peptides
with multiple biological activities that influence neoplastic, immunologic and fibroproliferative …