Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into
different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from
over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in …

The management of advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been transformed by
the development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nonetheless, most patients do not …

The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

Accumulating evidence implicates metabolites produced by gut microbes as crucial
mediators of diet-induced host-microbial cross-talk. Here, we review emerging data …

The ATP–adenosine pathway functions as a key modulator of innate and adaptive immunity
within the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, multiple clinical strategies are being …

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges to health in the modern world.
Pollutants alter immune responses and can provoke immunotoxicity. In this Review, we …

Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …