BACKGROUND Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation, the reduction of atmospheric N2 to
ammonia, is important for maintaining the fertility of the oceans by providing biologically …

Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life's fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in
environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N …

The partial pressure of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere has increased dramatically through
time, and this increase is thought to have occurred in two rapid steps at both ends of the …

Trace metals are required for numerous processes in phytoplankton and can influence the
growth and structure of natural phytoplankton communities. The metal contents of …

Biological N2 fixation is an important part of the marine nitrogen cycle as it provides a source
of new nitrogen that can support biological carbon export and sequestration. Research in …

In addition to control by major nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon) the
productivity and species composition of marine phytoplankton communities are also …

Calcifying marine phytoplankton—coccolithophores—are some of the most successful yet
enigmatic organisms in the ocean and are at risk from global change. To better understand …

The proportion of major elements in marine organic matter links cellular processes to global
nutrient, oxygen and carbon cycles. Differences in the C: N: P ratios of organic matter have …

Phytoplankton form the basis of the marine food web and are responsible for approximately
half of global carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation (∼ 50 Pg of carbon per year). Thus, these …

Abstract Subtropical gyres cover 26%–29% of the world's surface ocean and are
conventionally regarded as ocean deserts due to their permanent stratification, depleted …